Time To Celebrate The Last Fifteen English Literature Essay

Time To Celebrate The Last Fifteen English Literature Essay A Quinceanera is described in many ways. A Quinceaà ±era is a party. A Quinceanera is a girl growing up to be a woman. A Quinceaà ±era is a time to celebrate the last fifteen years of a young Hispanic girls life. Many Americans see a Quinceaà ±era as a party. They see it as Hispanic people throwing a fifteenth birthday party for a girl. Peoples view of a quinceaà ±era is different for everyone. Some see it as flattering and beautiful while others see it as a way to gain attention ($). To Hispanic people, however, a Quinceaà ±era is much more than just a party; it is a time when a girl grows up and becomes a woman. Although many people believe a Quinceaà ±era is simply a party, it is actually a celebration, a milestone, and a drastic change from child to young adult in a girls life. While a Quinceaà ±era is a big party, the milestone also requires many traditions to be upheld by the Quince and her family. Traditions lead back hundreds of years to when Quinceaà ±eras began. Quinceaà ±eras originated from the Aztecs who celebrated a girl gaining her womanly responsibilities and, therefore, growing up (Karthik np). Quinceaà ±eras were unpopular until the 1930s when people started showing interest in celebrating them again (Quinceaà ±era! A Celebration of Latina Womanhood np). Years ago, fifteen was when a girl grew up and left the house to marry and have children. Now, girls become women at fifteen but with different responsibilities (%). Recently, our society has been drawn to hosting crazy and large parties. By far, quinceaà ±eras are said to be the biggest and best of parties in America due to their popularity as well as many other factors (!). Many of these traditions are carried out during the mass; however, few are also performed at the reception. Origi nally, the Quinceaà ±era was meant for girls to become women in the Hispanic culture. However, more and more boys have been requesting the blessing of the Quinceaà ±era as they turn fifteen (X). Much like a wedding, before the Quince girl enters the church, flower petals are spread where she will walk. The flower petal tradition is normally performed by two small children. When the children finish spreading the flowers, they place a small pillow, usually embroidered for her, under the alter so she may kneel at various times during her ceremony (Cuevas De Caissie np). Looking as spectacular as a bride, a young girls quinceaà ±era is very close to a wedding and just as important to everyone. The only true difference is that a quinceaà ±era celebrates a girl turning into a young woman (@). During the mass, the girls Godparents present her with a scepter and the girls parents replace the original headpiece with a tiara or a crown. These two items represent her new responsibilities b efore God and before her people. Following the mass, the girl performs one more act before going to the reception, At the end of the ceremony the children pass out bolos or small gifts to those who attended the mass as the Quinceaà ±era places her bouquet upon the altar of the Virgin Maria.(Cuevas De Caissie np). The Quince girls act of giving her bouquet to the Virgin Maria shows respect to holy figures. Continuing to follow tradition, a few important customs are carried out at the reception. One tradition for a Quinceaà ±era is that the girl chooses a Court of Honor, which consists of seven girls and seven boys. The Quinceaà ±era chooses her Court of Honor for her ceremony and reception. It usually consists of people in her life, around her age, that are special and who she wants to spend her big night with (~). They perform and speak at her reception. The Quince girls Court of Honor is there to support her and to celebrate her birthday with her (Hennessy-Fiske np). Another cus tom performed at the reception is the girl being presented with a bible, a cross, and a Rosary to symbolize her faith and to remind her of her promises to God as a woman (Cuevas De Caissie np). Many traditions ultimately keep the culture of the ceremony as well as keeping the Lord present. These traditions, however, do not come without much preparation beforehand. One of the biggest factors of hosting and celebrating a Quinceaà ±era is the cost. Naturally, the size of the Quinceaà ±era as well as other things such as the venues and the attire of everyone depends on the money that a family can spend (Cuevas De Caissie np). Quinceaà ±eras can be as pricy as a decent-sized and beautifully decorated wedding, right down to the invitations (Alvarez np). Americans save money for college and weddings of their children. While Hispanics save for college and weddings, they first must think about saving for a Quinceaà ±era and what it will cost them to pay for it. In the past, people with a low income threw small quinces or simply did not have them. Today, many people of this class throw crazy quinceaà ±eras and also get money from friends and family for the cost (^). Many Hispanic families rely on Godparents and other members of the family to help with the cost of the Quince aà ±era and even then, many take out a second mortgage on their homes to simply pay for this one special night (Cuevas De Caissie np). An additional component that Hispanic parents must remember is planning this night for their daughter. A Quinceaà ±era cannot be planned in two months. Most Quinceaà ±eras are planned two to three years in advance (Cuevas De Caissie np). There are many things that have to happen for a quinceaà ±era to go off without a hitch. Similar to every popular event in society, the celebrations of quinceaà ±eras has been taken over by the party industry. This has caused it to grow in many big ways, including the cost (*). Quinceaà ±era has become very popular among many cultures of people. It is a great way to celebrate a fifteenth birthday. In most cases, the people celebrate this custom without knowing what it really means (/). For each fiesta, those elements can be religious or non-religious and they are different for each quinceaà ±era. This depends on the quince and the people attending it (). Nonetheless, parents are not the only people who should plan for a Quinceaà ±era. For Quinceaà ±eras, some parents do not think twice about managing their money. Parents do crazy things for their little girls coming-of-age such as getting a second mortgage or just spending all the money they have (`). The Quince girl should prepare herself for the day as well. The girl can do a number of things in preparation for her day. One act of preparation is to devote a day to prayer. She should pray for her night and her family and friends. She should read the word of God to spiritually prepare herself for the blessings she will be receiving and the commitments she will be making to the Lord (Gà ³mez-Ruiz 224). She should also rehearse the mass and the reception with her family and Court of Honor to ensure that the night will be flawless. The Quince girl should also meet with the priest conducting her ceremony to make sure she acquires all the necessary elements in order for the service to be holy (Gà ³mez-Ruiz 218). After assuring that all the aspects of the night are accounted for, a schedule should be determined for the night, also ensuring that it will be flawless. Most Quinceaà ±eras begin with the mass, which is held in a church. Following the mass, the group and its audience travels to a different venue for the reception. When all the guests are seated, the Court of Honor takes their place, followed by the Quince girl, who makes a grand entrance to her party. Before the festivities begin, a toast, known as Brindis, is proposed in the girls honor and everyone has a chance to speak. Once the crowd finishes Brindis, the Court of Honor assembles and prepares themselves for the Waltz. At this celebration, the Waltz is split into three sets; The Waltz with the Chambelanes, the Family Waltz, and the General Waltz. The Waltz with the Chambelanes starts the festivities. The first Waltz is the time where each Chambelan of the Court of Honor dances with the birthday girl. Subsequently, the Family Waltz is next. The Family Waltz is the duration of the night when the Quince girl dances with all her immediate family members. Ending the Waltz sequence is the General Waltz when the guests are invited and encouraged to come and dance together. After the Waltz time has ended, the first song played is one chosen by the Quince girl to start the party (The Tradition np). This continues for the rest of the celebration until around midnight when the reception ends and the guests depart. Towards the end of the ceremony, more rituals are performed. Of all the traditions and rituals presented at a Quinceaà ±era, the following rituals are most important. The first is the lighting of fifteen candles. The lighting of the fifteen candles takes place when the cake is presented to the crowd. Fifteen important people, usually family or close friends, are chosen before the night to light one candle, and the girl prepares a short speech for each person that lit a candle on her cake. The second ritual is La Ultima Muà ±eca, which is the ritual of the last doll. The Quince girl chooses one doll from her childhood and carries it with her throughout the night. At the end of the celebration, the girl gives up her doll, which symbolizes her childhood, as a sign of reaching adulthood (The Tradition np). In most South American countries, the Quinceaà ±era celebration consists of a reception. Godparents are not required, there is no ceremony, and many of the traditions are not perfor med (+). While these rituals are significant to the fiesta, one of the best components is the Quince girls dress. The dress symbolizes her purity and her promises to God. Normally, the dress is white as a way to stand for her purity and promises to God, but today, many Quinceaà ±era dresses are made in bright colors with many sparkly accessories. One of the best details of a Quinceaà ±era is the dress. The color and the design all adds to the beauty of the ceremony. Quinceaà ±era dresses are almost exactly like wedding dresses from the cut to the material (=). The dresses are not very different from wedding dresses, and after Quinceaà ±eras became more popular, many wedding dress designers started a line of Quinceaà ±era dresses to be sold in boutiques and wedding shops. The only true difference between a wedding dress and Quince dress is that a Quince dress does not have a train (Cuevas De Caissie np). The final touches to the ceremony are the decorations. For what decorations are used, there are no restrictions. Many people use flowers and drapes with colors that correspond with the theme of the Quinceaà ±era party. These rituals and decorations are displayed to the invitees at the reception. The most important part of the reception is the time when rituals are fulfilled to symbolize womanhood. The most important ritual of a Quinceaà ±era is the changing of the shoes. Through the mass, the Quince girl wears ballet flats and when she arrives at her reception; her father presents her with her first pair of high heels (Cuevas De Caissie np). This father-daughter moment is the ultimate time where a girl becomes a woman. She exits the reception later that night wearing the heels and stepping into the world as a woman. While this ritual is significant during the reception, the real reason for the reception is to celebrate the transition into womanhood. One aspect of the passage into womanhood is sharing it with the immediate family of the Quince girl. The Quince girl also has a privilege for her Quinceaà ±era if she qualifies for it. She can be Miss Quince. However, there are some rules she must fol low and qualifications her life must meet, Not every girl wants to be Miss Quince. Like Miss America, Miss Quince cant have a past. She must sacrifice present pleasure for a future fiesta that comes after baptism and first Communion. Both her parents must be church members. She should not drink or smoke. Above all, she must be a virgin (Hennessy-Fiske np). If a girl is able to be Miss Quince, it is a true honor for her and her family. Her family is also included in the prayer ceremony. The ceremony is a time to come together and prayerfully celebrate the transition into her womanhood and her faith to God (Pope np). Following the family moment of prayer and times of ritual performance, the new young adult is free to go and enjoy the night with her Court of Honor and all guests. Her night includes dinner, dancing, cake, and speeches for the guests and for the Quince girl. After the Quinceaà ±era, a series of things a girl must follow in her transition from young adult to adult in her life are given to her. One thing she must do is dress modestly. The new young lady has to remember that she is a figure under God, and she must dress to show that. Her apparel must be modest and her actions also have to reflect her pureness. Her overall appearance, which consists of wardrobe, attitude, and language, must reflect that of God. A set of privileges come with being a woman and the Quince girl will acquire those privileges throughout her life. These privileges include the ability to participate in holy activities of the church and to teach younger people about the Lord and His great ways. The Quince girl is also allowed to wear heels, shave, and dance publicly. In many Latin American countries, a Quinceaà ±era meant that a girl was available to marry. Today, some people now view it as a sexual coming-of-age for girls (?). These things are allowances given to her graciously by the Lord for becoming a young woman in His sacred place and continuing to follow Him passionately. A Quinceaà ±era consists of many things. A Quinceaà ±era is a time to grow, a time to love, and a time to appreciate family, friends, and God. Though celebrating quinceaà ±eras have fluctuated in popularity over the years, recently people have been seeing more and more of them coming back (#). While many people see this as just a party, a Quinceaà ±era is actually a milestone and a transition into womanhood for young girls of the Hispanic culture.

Jews Without Money Essay

1. Make connections from the book to show how the immigrants who came to America in the late 1800’s tried to keep some of their â€Å"homeland† traditions alive in their new environment. Describe, at least 3 different examples of this. One way how the immigrants who came to America tried to keep their â€Å"homeland† traditions is when Jim and Antonia wanted to go see the new Russian’s who had lived in their town. When they visited Peter (One of the Russian’s), he wanted to keep the guests entertained, so he pulled out a harmonica and started playing it for them. Jim said that † Peter looked about perplexity for something that would entertain us. He ran into the storeroom and brought out a gaudily painted harmonica†(pg 29) this means that back in Russia they used harmonicas as a use of entertainment which is a homeland tradition. Another â€Å"homeland tradition† is when â€Å"Mr. Shimerda rose, crossed himself, and quietly knelt down before the tree†(pg 61) this means that the Bohemian family is very religious and the Burdens family doesn’t do that behavior. Another example of a homeland tradition is when Mr. Shimerda used to play his trombone in Russia with his friend and watch the flowers bloom which Antonia says â€Å"he used to sit there with his friend and play trombone†(pg 159) he couldn’t play his trombone anymore because he had no other friends over in America and the tradition died out since he moved to America. 2. Why did Mr. Shimerda commit suicide and how did it impact his family. Give 2 specific examples. Mr. Shimerda committed suicide because he was feeling depressed and couldn’t handle the stress. His only friends that he made in America had died and went back to their country, which was Pavel and Peter. Peter told Mr. Shimerda that â€Å"he was unable to meet a note which fell due on the first of November†(pg 38) which means that they were in debt and couldn’t pay Wick Cutter and this lead to him leaving America. Also when â€Å"Pavel strained himself lifting timbers for a new barn, and fell over among the shavings  with such a gush of blood from the lungs†(pg 38) he died shortly after this incident and wished to speak with Mr. Shimerda before he died which impacted him a lot into killing himself from the loss of his friends. Another reason why Mr. Shimerda killed himself is because his family didn’t have a lot of food stored up for winter â€Å"the potatoes had been frozen and were rotting, in the other was a little pile of flour†(pg 52) The loss of Mr. Shimerda friends and the shortage of food eventually led him to committing suicide. 3. How does the â€Å"coming of age† experience differ for Jim and Antonia as they move from childhood to adulthood? Explain one of their â€Å"coming of age† experiences from the book. The â€Å"coming of age† is definitely different between Jim and Antonia because they have totally different lives. Antonia has it a lot harder and she even tells this to Jim when she says â€Å"If I live here, like you, that is different. Things will be easy for you. But they will be hard for us.†(pg 96) Antonia can not have a normal child life as Jim has since she is too busy working on her farm, he asks her if she wants to join the first term of the school year but she says â€Å"I ain’t got time to learn. I can work like mans now. My mother can’t say no more how Ambrosch do all and nobody to help him†(pg 85) this shows that Jim can get a proper education by going to school but Antonia can not because of all the work that had to be done on her farm. When Antonia is older she works for Mr. Cutter, he is a very sick man who tries to rape Antonia when his wife is not in town. He buys a Mrs. Cutter a ticket for the train sends her away and tries to engage Antonia while she is gone. He puts jewelery under Antonia bed which gives him a reason to go in her room to seduce her and tells her not invite her friends to stay with her at night. Life for Antonia is a lot harder for her than it is for Jim. 4. How does the environment of the great plains impact the development of Jim and Antonia? As Jim grows older into adulthood what does he remember of the Great Plains. Do these memories create anxiety or bring comfort to Jim? Explain The environment of the great plains impacts Jim and Antonia in different ways. Jim feels that the environment of the great plains would be boring when he says â€Å"here was nothing but land: not a country at all, but the  material out of which countries are made. No, there was nothing but land slightly undulating†(pg 9) The environment that the Great Plains impacts Antonia is negative because she tells Jim â€Å"If I live here, like you, that is different. Things will be easy for you. But they will be hard for us.†(pg 96) This means that Jim and Antonia have different ways of viewing the environment that they live in. When Jim grows older he becomes more focussed in his studies but he still remembers the Great Plains and those memories comfort Jim. Jim says that â€Å"For the first time it occurred to me that I should be homesick for that river after I left it.† (pg 158) This means that for the first time Jim actually misses his old life on the Great Plains. 5. Compare the different immigrant groups differing values and religious beliefs to the traditional values of frontier life. Give 2-3 specific examples from the book. When Mr. Shimerda was alive he â€Å"rose, crossed himself, and quietly knelt down before the tree†(pg 61) on Christmas. He values what he has on Christmas and he sees how the Burden’s act on Christmas so this makes him pray in front of the Christmas Tree while Jim watches him. Christmas must be very important religiously to Mr. Shimerda because the Burden’s did not kneel in front of the tree. Mr. Shimerda is Catholic while the Burdens are Protestant. When Mr. Shimerda died â€Å"It developed that Mrs. Shimerda and Ambrosch wanted the old man buried on the southwest corner of their own land.†(pg 78) This was a custom in Bohemia and to the neighbors around them it looked bad. These are the different beliefs that the Shimerda’s had to the traditional ways of frontier life. 6. What symbols does Cather use to represent the key ideas in her novel? (hint: the plow, sunsets, the landscape, sunflowers) The landscape is used to represent a key idea of the novel because it represents how Jim feels about life on the Great Plains. Jim feels at first â€Å"For more than anything else I felt motion in the landscape; in the fresh, easy blowing morning wind, and in he earth itself†(pg 15) This means that the landscape made Jim feel good and in a mellow mood. It did not put him in negative feeling but made him feel fresh and happy. Cather uses flowers to represent home sickness for Antonia when she tells Jim â€Å"It makes me  homesick, Jimmy, this flower, this smell,†(pg 159) When Antonia smells this flower it makes her think of her country, this same feeling happens to Jim when he moves from the Great Plains to the city he still misses the old life he had as a child.

Oil Spills And Its Impact On The Environment - 2445 Words

Oil Spills, their impact on the environment, and the great loss of human and marine life are a severe problem for the oil industry, one which needs to be prevented in the future. Oil production and transportation at sea has grown to inconceivable levels. Increasingly, as a society, we are having larger and more numerous oil spills which in turn cause an increase in danger for marine life and human life, even though laws and regulations regarding the extraction and transfer of oil are becoming increasingly complex and thorough. Oil has is the lifeblood of our economy and has a long history as a source of heat and light, and more recently it is the main source of fuel that is used in transportation, and thus it maintains its presence as the lifeblood of our economy. The sheer quantity of oil now being transported by sea has increased in volume by huge factors, and the size of the rigs tankers used to extract and transport the oil has seen steady increases, which gives the possibility of larger environmental disasters due to spillage by accident or due to operations. Due to increasing population and booming economies, and despite the increasing demand of green energy, the world still sees a need for increasing demand in oil supplies. Only very recently has it begun to slow down in some parts of the world that have traditionally been major consumers of oil. 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Premarital Cohabitation And Premarital Marriage - 1636 Words

To Be or Not to Be Feeling the excitement of moving boxes from a car into a new building apartment. A boyfriend standing in the middle of the bed room floor trying to decide where the dresser should be placed, and who gets which drawers. The girlfriend staring at a blank wall visualizing how to decorate to make it more home feeling for the both of them. The couple is smiling from the happiness knowing that the relationship is advancing to the next stage which is moving in together. This, my friends, is an ideal scenario of moving into an apartment with your significant other before marriage, which is known as premarital cohabitation. Some couples participate in premarital cohabitation which is becoming part of a lifestyle for younger couples. Students that are in college, or young adults around 20 to 30, and even students that just graduated high school are moving in together. Couples who participate in premarital cohabitation, affect the divorce rate, involved in premarital sex and is allowing the cou ple to see if they have a good quality and stable relationship, and if they are compatible for each other. Premarital Cohabitation Couple who participate in premarital cohabitation is becoming apart of a lifestyle for younger couples. In the example below nearly 2/3 of newlyweds have cohabited prior to their first marriage. Since the 90’s premarital cohabitation with one’s spouse is not related to martial instability. To be honest, I am actually living with my boyfriend.Show MoreRelatedThe Impacts Of Premarital Sex And Cohabitation On Marriage1543 Words   |  7 PagesPhat (Kevin) Phan English 1302 Professor Randall Watson December 8th, 2014 The Impacts of Premarital Sex and Cohabitation on Marriage Becoming popular from the 1950s until now, premarital sex and premarital cohabitation have been considered as the norms in the United States. 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A common approach to calm these fears and vulnerabilities is cohabitation. For many, cohabitation can seem as a transition period for couples to adjust to living with each other before marriage. In fact, cohabitation

An Analysis of Cross Cultural Differences Between India...

An Analysis of Cross Cultural Differences Between India and The United States of America in Terms of Business-Implications for Managers Submitted to Submitted by Dr. Richard Ajayi Pushyami.V Table of contents Executive summary 1. Introduction 2. Culture 3.1 Cross Cultural Analysis 3.2 Cultural distance 3. Different models of cross-cultural analysis 4. Hofstede dimensions to distinguish between cultures 5. Cross Cultural Analysis between India and The United States of America-Geert Hofstede’s Framework 6.3 Cross Cultural Analysis of India and The United States of America†¦show more content†¦2.Culture The origin of the word culture comes from the Latin verb colere = tend, guard, cultivate, till. This concept is a human construct rather than a product of nature. The use of the English word in the sense of cultivation through education is first recorded in 1510. The use of the word to mean the intellectual side of civilization is from 1805; that of collective customs and achievements of a people is from 1867. The term Culture shock was first used in 1940. Culture is a mixture including knowledge, belief, art, law, morality and conventions shared by nearly all the members of a specific society and separating one group member from another; other skills and habits; also common attitudes and responsibilities learned subsequently, such as original lifestyles, emotions, etc. It has played a crucial role in human evolution, allowing human beings to adapt the environment to their own purposes rather than depend solely on natural selection to achieve adaptive success. Every human society has its own particular culture, or socio-cultural system. 2.1 Cross Cultural Analysis The first cross-cultural analyzes done in the West, were by anthropologists like Edward Burnett Tylor and Lewis H Morgan in the 19th century. 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Iran Contra Affair Free Essays

The Iran-Contra scandal had a big effect on the United States but it had a huge effect on Nicaragua. Through out 1985-86, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. Meanwhile, the Reagan administration wanted to support the Contras in Nicaragua, a rebel group fighting to overthrow the Sandinista government. We will write a custom essay sample on Iran Contra Affair or any similar topic only for you Order Now The administration decided to use the money made from selling arms to Iran, and had it sent to the Contras without passing through the United States. Walsh, p2. ) In this paper, I am going to provide the background of the situation. I will explain how the money from the missile sales was used to support the Contras. I will also tell how everything became public, the end of United States support for the Contras and about then investigations and public hearings in the United States. But finally this paper is about the significance, or impact, of the Iran-Contra affair. The Sandinista National Liberation Front was founded in 1963. Named after Augusto Ceser Sandino, it was an extreme leftist organization â€Å"of Castroite and Maoist direction. † There were only about 150 members as of 1975, but sympathy was growing. (Times, 1/3/75) By August 1975, the SNLF had â€Å"begun to gain strength as discontent with the Somoza regime [had] spread through the middle classes. † (Times, 8/6/75) By August 1977 according to The New York Times, Amnesty International said that â€Å"there had been widespread abduction, torture and killing of peasants by the National Guard† during the previous year. 8/16/77) The strength of the SNLF continued to grow. In October 1977, the SNLF, for the first time, was â€Å"joined by non-Marxist opponents of the regime† including some conservatives. (Times, 10/20/77) By May 1978 opposition groups, including the SNLF, were proposing a coalition government that would exclude Somoza. (Times, 5/1/78) By November 1978, the Carter Administration was trying to push Somoza â€Å"into a compromise with his opponents. † (Times, 11/21/78) After 4 years of growing violence, including street fighting in the capitol, Somoza finally resigned. 9/17/79) After the Sandinistas took power in 1979, the remnants of Somoza’s National Guard scattered. As Kornbluh and Byrne describes The Iran Contra Scandal, they were reduced to small bands of some 250 men, hiding in Honduras and Guatemala, where they resorted to random violence and stealing to survive. The CIA brought these small groups together. After the Contras started receiving money from the CIA, the number of attacks on the Sandinistas increased a lot. Attacks during this period included, sabotage of highway bridges, sniper fire on small military patrols, the burning of customs warehouses and crops, and ‘the assassination of minor government officials’†( Kornbluh, p. 2; they are quoting from a document in the National Security Archives). On December 1, 1981, President Ronald Rea gan signed a finding allowing our government to help the Contras. Beginning in March 1982, the whole thing became public as articles in the Nation, the New York Times, the Washington Post and Newsweek reported on CIA aid to the Contras. Congress reacted to this by passing the Boland Amendment, which read: None of the funds in this Act may be used by the Central Intelligence Agency of or the Department of Defense to furnish military equipment, military training or advice, or other support for military activities, to any group or individual, not part of a country’s armed forces, for the purpose of overthrowing the government of Nicaragua or provoking a military exchange between Nicaragua and Honduras. (Kornbluh, p. ) In spite of this, the Reagan Administration continued to aid the Contras, all the time denying that they were doing so. Among the aid they sent was the Psychological Operations in Guerrilla Warfare training manual, referred to by those who knew about it as the â€Å"murder manual. † (Kornbluh, p. 2) The Reagan administration later on came up with a new strategy, to portray the Contras as freedom fighters and the Sandinistas as oppressors. In 1984, the CIA sowed mines in a major port in Nicar agua causing a severe amount of damage. The Contras took credit for this. But a few weeks later the press exposed the CIA involvement. In response, Congress passed a second Boland Amendment, which said that neither the CIA nor the Defense Department could fund the Contras, either directly or indirectly. From then on the administration worked through the National Security Council, and NSC staff member Oliver North. NSC William Clark established Office of Public Diplomacy for Latin America and the Caribbean (housed in State Department but reported to the NSC), Oliver North attended the meetings: responsible for all Contra affairs. Because the CIA was prohibited from operating inside the United States, Director William Casey had senior propaganda specialist Walter Raymond transferred to the NSC. As Raymond declared, his job was to â€Å"concentrate on gluing black hats on Sandinistas and white hats on Contras. † (Kornbluh, p. 5) All this time, CIA intelligence analysts were saying that the Contras couldn’t win, even with American support. Robert Owen, Oliver North’s personal intermediary with the Contras is quoted as saying they were simply â€Å"profiteers. 1 Meanwhile, during 1985-86, as mentioned earlier, the Reagan administration was selling weapons to Iran illegally in order to encourage Iran to free hostages in the Middle East. After the 1979 hostage situation at the United States Embassy in Tehran, Carter had imposed an embargo on selling weapons to Iran. When Reagan came to power in 1981, the Embassy hostages were freed, but Reagan continued the embargo policy. In 1983, the adminis tration strengthened it through operation STAUNCH, a worldwide voluntary arms embargo against Tehran. But for several reasons, some people in the administration supported softening the stance toward Iran. The idea that selling weapons would help win the release of hostages encouraged them to act. The way the United States diverted the funds is complex. Basically, the United States sold arms to Iran, hoping to get hostages freed, then used the money they got to arm and support the Contras. All of this was done secretly. On October 5th, 1986, an American plane was shot down by Sandinistas over southern Nicaragua. The two pilots were killed, but the â€Å"cargo kicker,† Eugene Hasenfus, parachuted out and was captured by Sandinista soldiers. He told the Sandinistas everything he know about United States involvement with the contras. The next day, the story was on the front page of every major United States newspaper. Then, on November 3rd, 1986, a Lebanese paper published a story that revealed the United States trading of arms for hostages. (historycommons. org, p. 1) Having these two pieces of the puzzle soon led to people discovering the connections between the arms-for-hostages deals and secret aid for the Contras. Once the Iran-Contra connection had become public, Reagan appointed John Tower, Edmund Muskie and Brent Scowcroft to a President’s Special Review Board charged with investigating the affair. People expected the Tower Commission to be a whitewash, but its report brought to light many of the details of what had happened. On November 26, 1986, Attorney General Edwin Meese ordered the FBI to begin an investigation of the Iran-Contra episode. December 19, 1986, Lawrence E. Walsh was named to the Office of Independent Counsel to take over that investigation. The Tower Commission, congressional investigations and the work of the Independent Counsel led to indictments of Oliver North and John Poindexter on March 16, 1988. North was convicted on charges of obstruction of justice, misleading Congress, and accepting an illegal gratuity, but an appeals court overturned the verdict because testimony to Congress given under immunity might have affected his trial. Poindexter was also convicted and his convictions overturned on appeal. (Kornbluh, p. xxviii) In 1992, George H. W. Bush pardoned six others who had been indicted or convicted of crimes in the affair. The Iran-Contra affair made the United States look untrustworthy internationally, as well as causing people to distrust their government. The United States government depends on a system of checks and balances among the congress, executive and judicial branches. If the executive branch does whatever it wants and hides its actions from the congress, then the people are no longer in charge of their government. This is a genuine threat to democracy. When Somoza resigned in 1979, the Sandinistas and others who had opposed Somoza formed a junta to govern until there were elections. The country was a mess. There was poverty, malnutrition, disease, pollution from pesticides, factory runoff and raw sewage into Lake Managua. The Sandinistas tried to address these problems and might have succeeded if the Contras had not undermined a lot of what they did. Money from Cuba and Eastern Europe was spent on building up an army to combat the Contras instead of being used for other important needs. The Sandinistas won an election in 1984 with 67% of the vote; most international observers deemed the elections fair. Exhaustion on both sides, fear of losing to the Contras, and mediation by other governments in the area led to the â€Å"Sapoa ceasefire† between the Sandinistas and the Contras on March 23, 1988. In the elections that followed in February 1991, the Sandinistas, who were expected to win, were soundly defeated. The new President was Violeta Chamorro, widow of a prize winning newspaper editor who had struggled against Somoza. When the Chamorro government took power, the situation of the country was even more desperate than in 1979. 2 All in all, the Contras and the United States support for them were disastrous for Nicaragua. Notes 1 This paragraph is based on information from Kornbluh. 2 This paragraph is based on information from Britanica. Works Cited Britinaca. com. http://www. britinica. com/EBchecked/topic/413855/Nicaragua . â€Å"Iran-Contra and Arms-for-Hostages Scandals: Eugene Hasenfus† http://www. historycommons. org/jsp? irancontraaffair_key_figures . Kornbluh, Peter, and Malcom Byrne. The Iran-Contra Scandal: The Declassified History. New York: The New Press, 1993. The New York Times, January 3, 1975-September 17, 1979. Walsh, Lawrence E. Independent Counsel Report. â€Å"Executive Summary,† p. 2. http://www. fas. org/irp/offdocs/walsh/execsum. htm . 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Global Accounting Standards Vision Reality -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Global Accounting Standards Vision Reality? Answer: Introducation As per the financial statements report of Sai Global limited for the year 2015, impairment testing for several asset classes was carried out. Several intangible assets with goodwill are not amortized and they are further tested for annual impairment. In case frequency is more than once annually because of differences within situations or events it indicates that assets might are impaired and are mentioned within the annual report at less cost with accumulated impairment loss (Amel-Zadeh et al. 2016). Some different assets like the trade receivables along with property, plant and equipment with inventory are taken into impairment testing while there is an indication that the assets carrying amount might not be recoverable. Sai Global limited carries out a two-step process in impairment testing. The first step is to align by the fair value of reporting unit within its carrying value that includes the goodwill. In case the operating units carrying value is higher in contrast to the fair value, the second step associated with impairment testing must be conducted for ensuring the amount of impairment loss in case it takes place (Carlin, Finch and Manh Tran 2014). The second step explains the impaired fair value of reporting unit along with the carrying amount associated with the unit. In case the implied fair value is lesser in comparison to the carrying amount, certain charge of impairment is realized within the amount related to that excess. Such realized loss cannot be more than the assets carrying amount. The company experienced the below impairment expenditures for the end of the period on 30th June, 2015. Goodwill and Intangible Assets During such period, the company has explained a total impairment of $59841 ($77748 - $17907), out of which $841 was stated within the software, $ 9000 was mentioned for the consumer contracts and $ 50000 was mentioned for the IRU. Conversely, goodwill and brands are not accountable for the impairment (Benson et al. 2015). Intangible Assets and Goodwill Trade Receivables In the year 2015, the company represented an allowance for the impairment loss of $ 2563 in the year 2015 that was recorded to be $ 1748 in the year 2014. The company is associated in making estimates based on certain concerns for the future years. Such results of accounting anticipations through definition might be similar with associated real results (Bepari and Mollik 2015). For calculation of value-in-use certain estimations are considered such as: Discount rates Sales margin or EBITDA Growth rates using the extrapolate cash flows beyond the period of forecast As per the IAS 36 Impairment of Assets, it is gathered that it is a specific IFRS standard as it requires subjective interpretation that can be implemented with respect to the managerial requirements. In addition, it does not restrict the creative accounting. It is also recognized from the annual report of Sai Global limited that considerable subjectivity was associated at the time the management carried out the impairment test process (Kimbro and Xu 2016). It can also be evidenced that the allocation of goodwill to cash generating units along with recoverable amount computation while there is a lack of active prices regarding goodwill subject to the discretion. After critical analysis, it is gathered that the complex or confessing aspect of impairment is associated with the impairment indication. Even though such indications just focus on the internal as well as external signs concerning the assets impairment, the frequency of conducting such test for goodwill along with intangible assets just focus on the managements discretion (Bond, Govendir and Wells 2016). For this reason, there is a chance that the management might carry out test opportunistically in case there is a difference in value. It is elucidated that, impairment loss can be observed as certain variance within an assets recoverable amount along with an assets carrying amount. The recoverable asset is higher than the fair asset value subtracted from the value-in-use and disposal cost (Dye, Glover and Sunder 2014). Fair value is estimated by the asset within the active market or the sales agreement within which the asset trading is conducted or accessibility of important information in disclosing amount at which the company can sell its assets. In contrast, the value-in-use is deemed as present value related with future cash inflows that are anticipated to be gathered from cost of goods unit or asset as per IAS 36 (Khokan Bepari, Rahman and Taher Mollik 2014). In alignment with the IFRS 113 standard, ascertainment of fair value is conducted through below points: Sales agreement Asset value within active market within the asset trading is conducted Existence of quality information for revealing the amount at which the company might sell its assets For this reason, the fair value can be elucidated as selling price that is considered on the parts of both the seller and buyer through anticipating that the parties have conducted a free transaction. Numerous investments are deemed to have a fair value that is estimated on the behalf of the market within which trading of security is done (Gimbar, Hansen and Ozlanski 2016). In addition, fair value indicates the asset along with the liabilities value of a company while the annual report of the subsidiary company remains consolidated with a parent company. For example, of the shares of a company is trading within an exchange, the players within the market offers a bid through asking price of that share. In this condition, the investors might consider selling shares to the leader in the market at a bid price at the time of acquiring the shares from the market player within the ask price. Therefore it can be inferred that exchange can serve as the most trusted ascertaining technique rega rding shares fair value estimation (Jorissen et al. 2014). More than 50% of the companies employing IFRS or US GAAP are greatly impacted because of certain changes within accounting. As per the present status, the companies within IFRS or US GAAP have leased assets along with societies that amount to around $3.3 million, out of which more than 85% is not disclosed within the financial position statement as they are treated as part of operating leases (Mora and Walker 2015). For compensating the same, the investors are deemed to contain certain projections that are incomparable, inconsistent as well as inadequate. Therefore, it is evidenced that the previous standard of accounting failed in explaining the economic actuality. In consideration to previous accounting standards, a lot of companies are reported to be 85% of their leases that realizes the amount within the operating leases and it did not signify the ones mentioned within the companys financial position statement. Even if the operating leases are not recorded within the financial position statement there has been certain generation of actual liabilities (Pacter 2014). While at the time of financial crisis there are certain retail companies that turned out to be bankrupt as they failed to adjust the updated economic reality in a better manner. In addition, the company had considerable amount of commitments in accordance with long term operating leases and their financial position statement is observed to be lean drastically. The previous accounting system is accordance with the lease might result in lack of comparability. The industry in which the company operates accounts for a great amount of leases in the operating leases. Along with that the record is not prepared under the financial position statement of the company (Wen and Moehrle 2015). For this reason, as the company is involved in leasing all its products that is not identical to its competitors acquiring all its products. Conversely, the financial obligations of the two types of companies are not that identical. This also indicates that there is a lack of level playing field within the company. With emergence of a new standard, all such leases might be responsible for reforming the assets along with lessees that might record them in the liability form. For this reason, it is anticipated that such type of issue might get resolved. Certain changes within accounting standard are likely to have an impact on more than half of listed organizations and they are deemed to be famous in the companies. The major cause behind this is that such changes might result in controversies and might lead to warning impacts in consideration to negative economic situations and expenses associated with the variations within the system. In addition these alterations might have increased commercial impacts (Yao, Percy and Hu 2015). In consideration to new standard of accounting, it is gathered that most of the companies are treating operating leases as an aspect of off-balance sheet aspects. For this reason, the investors along with financial statement users do not attain an efficient insight of the companys financial situation (Sai Global limited. 2018). This restricts the company in contrasting leasing assets with the purchasing assets of the company. Moreover, this new standard is anticipated to update IFRS 16 and this is estimated that it might greatly outweigh the expenses that might result in highly informed decisions associated with investment. Ii can also be indicated that the lease against the decisions regarding purchases in a better manner on the behalf of the management. References: Amel-Zadeh, A., Faasse, J., Li, K. and Meeks, G., 2016. Stewardship and Value Relevance in Accounting for the Depletion of Purchased Goodwill. Benson, K., Clarkson, P.M., Smith, T. and Tutticci, I., 2015. A review of accounting research in the Asia Pacific region.Australian Journal of Management,40(1), pp.36-88. Bepari, M.K. and Mollik, A.T., 2015. Effect of audit quality and accounting and finance backgrounds of audit committee members on firms compliance with IFRS for goodwill impairment testing.Journal of Applied Accounting Research,16(2), pp.196-220. Bond, D., Govendir, B. and Wells, P., 2016. An evaluation of asset impairments by Australian firms and whether they were impacted by AASB 136.Accounting Finance,56(1), pp.259-288. Dye, R.A., Glover, J.C. and Sunder, S., 2014. Financial engineering and the arms race between accounting standard setters and preparers.Accounting Horizons,29(2), pp.265-295. Gimbar, C., Hansen, B. and Ozlanski, M.E., 2016. The effects of critical audit matter paragraphs and accounting standard precision on auditor liability.The Accounting Review,91(6), pp.1629-1646. Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R. and Van Der Tas, L., 2014. Constituents Participation in the IASC/IASBs due Process of International Accounting Standard Setting: A Longitudinal Analysis. InAccounting and Regulation(pp. 79-110). Springer New York. Jorissen, A., Lybaert, N., Orens, R. and Van Der Tas, L., 2014. Corporate participation in the due process of international accounting standard setting: An analysis of antecedents. Khokan Bepari, M., F. Rahman, S. and Taher Mollik, A., 2014. Firms' compliance with the disclosure requirements of IFRS for goodwill impairment testing: Effect of the global financial crisis and other firm characteristics.Journal of Accounting Organizational Answer:mbro, M.B. and Xu, D., 2016. The accounting treatment of goodwill, idiosyncratic risk, and market pricing.Journal of Accounting, Auditing Finance,31(3), pp.365-387. M Carlin, T., Finch, N. and Manh Tran, D., 2014. IFRS compliance in the year of the pig: Hong Kong impairment testing.Journal of Economics and Development,16(1), p.23. Mora, A. and Walker, M., 2015. The implications of research on accounting conservatism for accounting standard setting.Accounting and Business Research,45(5), pp.620-650. Pacter, P., 2014. Global accounting standards-from vision to reality.The CPA Journal,84(1), p.6. Sai Global limited., 2018.[online] Available at: https:// Sai Global limited.au/investor-centre/reports-presentations-and-resources/annual-reports/ [Accessed 9 Jan. 2018]. Wen, H.J. and Moehrle, S.R., 2015. Accounting for goodwill: A literature review and analysis. Yao, D.F.T., Percy, M. and Hu, F., 2015. Fair value accounting for non-current assets and audit fees: Evidence from Australian companies.Journal of Contemporary Accounting Economics,11(1), pp.31-45.